Ergonomics is the study
of the relationship between man and machine and environmental science, also
known as ergonomics ergonomics ergonomics or interpersonal, after World War II
developed a new discipline.
Ergonomic research in foreign countries
due to different methods, resulting in a lot of different names. In the United
States called "human engineering" or "human factors engineering;
while many Western European countries known as the" ergonomics, other
countries, most cited the name of Western Europe.
Ergonomics is the study of "man -
machine - environment" system of human, machine and environment between
the three elements in order to solve the system of human performance, health
problems of theory and methods of science.
People, machines, three elements in the
environment, "person" means an operator or user, including the
psychological characteristics, physical characteristics and human ability to
adapt to the machine and the environment are important research topics.
` "Machine" refers to the machine,
but the more general meaning of technical terms much broader, including all
operation and use of human products and engineering systems. How can we design
to meet the request, in line with the characteristics of the human machine
products, is the important issue of ergonomics. In interior design
"machine" means, mainly refers to all kinds of office furniture
and the
relationship between people, such as doors, windows, railings, stairs, etc.
Inseparable relationship between man and
machine, mainly in: 1. Human beings in order to achieve certain goals, to meet
some human needs and design the machine. (2) re-design, manufacture, use,
monitoring and maintenance process, the machine is always constrained and
influenced by people, machinery and progress much faster than humans. Imbalance
between the two results gives the machine the one hand, the burden has
increased, so have great effects on human beings; the other hand, humans are
about and influence the mechanical performance. Hence, if the set of machinery
and equipment does not meet the technical operator of physical and mental
characteristics, not only the mechanical properties can not be fully realized,
but also may cause accidents.
"Environment" refers to people
working and living environment, noise, lighting, temperature and other
environmental factors on people's work and lives, is the main target.
"System" that is, by the
interaction and interdependence of several components combined into an organic
whole with a specific function, and second, the "system" itself is
its subordinate part of a larger system.
Due to mental stimulation and
physiological changes caused by the phenomenon known as stress. It was first
proposed by selye. Experimental results show that long-term psychological
disturbance can be detrimental to health. Noise generated stress, interferes
with mood, blood pressure, heart rate and other physiological changes is an
example.
Thus, ergonomics is not only the height from
the system of man, machine and environment, the relationship between the height
from the study of the various system elements.
The performance of people who work mainly
refers to the performance requirements that must be completed in accordance with
an operation shown by the efficiency and performance. Workers have their work
performance is to measure the efficiency and productivity. A person's
performance depends on the nature of work, human capacity, tools and working
methods, depending on man, machine and environment, whether the relationship
between the three elements are properly addressed.
People's health, including health and safety
In recent decades, people's mental health
attention has been attached. Psychological factors can directly affect the
physical health and job performance, therefore, not only to study some of the
ergonomic factors on people's physical damage, such as strong noise on the
auditory system of direct damage, but also to study these factors on the human
heart damage, for example, some noise, although not directly harm people's
hearing, but psychological disturbance, causing people's emergency response.
Understand the basic concepts later, we
can better understand the definition of ergonomics. The key is that we should
understand two things: First, ergonomics is the man and machine, human and
environmental disharmony, or even a history of serious conditions such
contradictions gradually built up, which itself is still under development;
first Second, the study focuses on ergonomic system of people.
Ergonomics in solving the system of
people's problems, mainly in two ways: First, the machine, the environment for
people; the second is through the best training methods, people adapt to the
machine and the environment.
Any system according to the principles of
human engineering design or management, must be considered from two aspects.
Ergonomic research is broadly divided into
three main
1 person working the system
The study includes: body size, experience
and information processing, movement, learning ability, physical and
psychological needs, the sensitivity of the physical environment, social
environment, sensitivity, intuition and the ability to feel, the difference
between personal, environmental on the human body can influence people's
long-term, short-term capacity limits and comfort point, the human form of
reflection and response, and differences in people's habits, ill-conceived
research.
2 people working the system directly by
using the mechanical part of how people adapt to the use of
These sections are divided into three
categories:
(1) Display: instrumentation, signal display
(2) manipulator: the
manipulation of various machinery parts, rods, buttons, plates, wheels, pedals
and so on.
(3)Equipment: furniture,
equipment and so on.
3 the use of the environment and people
(1) the general
environment: interior architecture and space environment lighting, temperature,
humidity control.
(2) special
circumstances: for example, metallurgy, chemical, mining, aviation, aerospace
industry and polar exploration, encounter and sometimes special circumstances,
such as temperature, pressure, vibration, noise, radiation and pollution.
From the ergonomics point of view of the
problem, covering the technical sciences and human sciences of many
cross-cutting issues.
Ergonomic basic data and measurement tools
First, the human body's basic data
underlying data are the following three aspects, namely, the body structure,
human scale and human actions such as the domain of the data.
1, the body structure most closely with
the ergonomics of the motor system in the bones, joints and muscles, the three
parts of the nervous system dominated, so that all parts of the body completed
a series of movements. Bone from the skull, trunk bones, limbs of three parts,
the spine can complete a variety of sports, is the backbone of the human body,
the connection between the bone joints and can play active role in skeletal
muscle by muscle contraction or relaxation of the nervous system command, so
that coordination of the various parts of the body movements.
2, the human scale is human scale
ergonomic studies of one of the most basic data.
3, the domain of human action that people
work and live in the interior of the size range of activities, namely the
action domain, it is important to determine the spatial scale based on indoor
factors. Determined in a variety of measurement domain of human action, is the
basis for ergonomic research data. If the human scale is a static, relatively
fixed data, the scale of the domain of human action was dynamic, the dynamic
state of scale and activity scenarios.
Interior design at the size of the
human-scale use of specific data should be considered at different spatial and
envelope of the state, the safety of people movement and activity, and suitable
for most people's size and to highlight the security as a precondition.
For example: a high degree of openings,
clear height access stairs, railings handrail height, shall be taken as the
maximum height of male body and dynamic when appropriate margin to the body
design; for stepping height, hang on a shelf or structure height shall be the
average height of the female body by design.
Second, physiological measurement based
on the human body during various activities, changes in the physiological state
of the case, by means of measurement, to be objective and scientific
measurement to analyze the energy in activity and load size.
Physiological measurement methods are:
1, EMG method to human activities in the
state of muscle contraction Zhang current chart recorder, which can
quantitatively determine the activity of human strength and load.
2, the rate of energy metabolism in the
body activities as methods of energy consumption and consequential oxygen
values, compared with normal oxygen consumption,
as measured active intensity, energy metabolism rate calculation, and the rate of energy
metabolism of different activities (RMR). The calculation formula is as
follows:
Oxygen consumption during exercise -
resting oxygen consumption rate of energy metabolism (RMR)
Basal metabolic rate of consumption of 3,
the current method of spiritual reflection on the human body due to the amount
of activity and sweat for the current measurement, quantitative understanding
of the outside world and thus the intensity of psychological factors, thus
determining the size of the load of human activities.
Third, the human psychological measurement
used in psychological measurement of mental and physical measurement scale
method.
1, the spirit of physics measurements with
physics method for the determination of the minimum amount of stimulation of
human nerves, and the smallest difference between the amount of sensory
stimulation.
2, scales in order to measure the division of psychology, for example, a straight line into segments, according to the order of calibration reviews by experts or ordinary people, corresponding to the beauty and ugliness, old and new, the pros and cons for evaluation
Ergonomics in the interior design of the
application
Because ergonomics is an emerging
discipline, ergonomic interior design application in the depth and breadth, to
be further serious development, the current application has been carried out as
follows:
First, determine and interpersonal
activities in the indoor space required for the main basis in accordance with
the relevant ergonomic measurement data from the human scale, the action
domain, mental space and interpersonal space, in order to determine the spatial
extent.
Second, determine the furniture, physical
facilities, scale and use of the main basis for the use of human furnishings,
their shape, scale must be based primarily on the human scale; the same time,
people and facilities in order to use the furniture, must be around leaving
room for activities and use the minimum, these requirements by the human body
engineering science to be resolved. The smaller interior space, the longer the
stay, the test requirements in this area the higher the content, such as cars,
cabin, cabin and other modes of transport within the design space.
Third, to adapt the body's interior to
provide the best physical environment physical parameters of the indoor
environment are indoor thermal environment, acoustic environment, light
environment, gravity, radiation environment, interior design with the
requirements of the scientific parameters in the design when it is possible to have
the correct decisions.
Fourth, the measurement of visual
elements designed for indoor visual environment to provide a scientific basis
for human eye visual acuity, field of vision, light perception, color vision is
the visual elements, ergonomic data obtained through the measurement of
interior lighting design, interior color design visual areas to provide the
best scientific basis.
Environmental psychology and
environmental psychology, interior design in the set, we first of the "environment"
and "psychology" of the concept of a brief look. Environment is
"the situation around," as opposed to people, the environment can be
said to revolve around people, and people's behavior have an impact of external
things. Environment itself has a certain order, pattern and structure, that
environment is a series of elements and a variety of comprehensive human
relations. It can either make changes in things outside, and these changed
things for the actors in turn affect people. For example, one designed to
create a simple, bright, elegant, orderly office environment, corresponding to
the environment can also work in this atmosphere that people have a good
psychological feeling, can induce people more civilized, more effectively work.
Psychology is the "research awareness, emotion, will, psychological
processes and abilities, personality and other psychological
characteristics" of the subjects.
